Effects of oral health-related self-efficacy on oral health-related quality of life in male high school students / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between oral health-related quality of life and oral health-related self-efficacy in high school students.METHODS: A questionnaire-based survey was conducted among high school students in Daegu, South Korea from November to December 2015, and the final data of 432 students were analyzed.RESULTS: Analysis of oral health-related self-efficacy in terms of general characteristics showed that both grade and income were significant factors (P<0.01). Furthermore, analysis of oral health-related quality of life in terms of general characteristics showed that academic achievement, father's educational level, and academic stress were significant factors (P<0.05). Correlation analyses of oral health-related quality of life with oral health-related self-efficacy revealed positive correlations with tooth brushing and ordinary oral health behavior. Regression analysis of oral health-related quality of life showed that father's educational level, oral health-related self-efficacy, academic stress, and academic achievement were influencing factors.CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that oral health-related self-efficacy may play a significant role in oral health-related quality of life.

Silencing LncRNA HOXD-AS1 enhances the radiosensitivity of H460 cells by regulating miR-454-3p expression / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective To explore the effect of LncRNA HOXD-AS1 on the radiosensitivity of H460 cells by targeting the regulation of miR-454-3p expression. Methods H460 cells were irradiated with 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 Gy, and the expression levels of HOXD-AS1 and miR-454-3p were detected by qRT-PCR. Cell apoptosis rate were measured by flow cytometry experiments. Cell cloning experiments were used to detect cell radiosensitivity. The protein expression levels of Caspase-3, Cyclin D1 and γ-H2AX were detected by Western blot. Results The expression of HOXD-AS1 in H460 cells was significantly increased after X-ray irradiation ( P<0.05) , while the expression of miR-454-3p was significantly decreased ( P<0.05) . Silencing HOXD-AS1 significantly promoted apoptosis, increased radiosensitivity of lung cancer cells, promoted Caspase-3, γ-H2AX protein expression, and inhibited Cyclin D1 expression. HOXD-AS1 could target the expression of miR-454-3p. Conclusion Silencing HOXD-AS1 can promote the apoptosis of lung cancer cells and inhibit cell survival by targeting miR-454-3p to increase the radiosensitivity of lung cancer cells.

Effect of rhubarb-free anthraquinone in the treatment of acute pancreatitis with adipose-derived stem cell transplantation in rats / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that rhubarb-free anthraquinone can protect the stability of the intestinal mucosa cell structure and function. However, the combination of rhubarb-free anthraquinone with adipose-derived stem cells to treat acute pancreatitis in rats has not yet been reported. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of rhubarb-free anthraquinone on the treatment of acute pancreatitis by fat stem cell transplantation in rats. METHODS: Cryopreserved mouse adipose-derived stem cells (provided by the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences) were rapidly recovered and cultured in vitro. The survival cells were labeled using PKH-26, and then the cell survival rate of adipose-derived stem cells was determined by MTT colorimetry. Sprague-Dawley rats provided by Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd. were equally randomized into four groups. Animal models of acute pancreatitis were made in all rats through intestinal wall puncture for retrograde administration of 5％ sodium taurocholate to the pancreaticobiliary tube, and then the model rats were given tail vein injection of L-DMEM complete medium (0.5 mL) in the model group, intragastric administration of 200 mg/kg rhubarb-free anthraquinone in the rhubarb-free anthraquinone group, tail vein injection of adipose-derived stem cells (1×107 cells/L, 0.5 mL) in the cell transplantation group, and intragastric administration of 200 mg/kg rhubarb-free anthraquinone plus tail vein injection of 1×107 adipose-derived stem cells (0.5 mL) in the combined treatment group. All interventions in each group were performed once a day, for 3 continuous days. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The levels of serum amylase and interleukin-6 were significantly reduced in the rhubarb-free anthraquinone group and cell transplantation group compared with the model group (P < 0.05) , while the level of trypsinogen activation peptide significantly increased (P < 0.05). In the combined treatment group, the levels of three indicators mentioned above were significantly decreased compared with the rhubarb-free anthraquinone group and cell transplantation group (P < 0.05). (2) The results of hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that the pathological changes in the pancreatic tissue of rats were significantly reduced in the rhubarb-free anthraquinone group and cell transplantation group, such as fatty degeneration, hemorrhage, cell necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration. The remission of pathological changes was more obvious in the combined treatment group. (3) The number of positive cells labeled by PKH-26 was the highest in the combined treatment group, followed by the cell transplantation group, while there were no PKH-26-positive cells in the rhubarb-free anthraquinone group and model group (P < 0.05). (4) Compared with the model group, the number of apoptotic cells in the pancreatic tissue was significantly reduced in the rhubarb-free anthraquinone group and cell transplantation group, and lowest in the combined treatment group (P < 0.01). (5) The expression of transforming growth factor-β1 and Smad2/3 at gene and protein levels was highest in the model group, followed by the rhubarb-free anthraquinone group and cell transplantation group (P < 0.05) , and lowest in the combined treatment group (P < 0.01). To conclude, the combined intervention of rhubarb-free anthraquinone and adipose-derived stem cell transplantation could effectively improve the blood biochemical index level in the rats with acute pancreatitis, significantly relieve the degree of inflammatory response, pancreatic tissue morphology, and apoptosis of pancreatic cells, which may be related to the reduction of the transforming growth factor-β/Smad signal pathway.

Effect of rhubarb-free anthraquinone in the treatment of acute pancreatitis with adipose-derived stem cell transplantation in rats / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that rhubarb-free anthraquinone can protect the stability of the intestinal mucosa cell structure and function. However, the combination of rhubarb-free anthraquinone with adipose-derived stem cells to treat acute pancreatitis in rats has not yet been reported. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of rhubarb-free anthraquinone on the treatment of acute pancreatitis by fat stem cell transplantation in rats. METHODS: Cryopreserved mouse adipose-derived stem cells (provided by the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences) were rapidly recovered and cultured in vitro. The survival cells were labeled using PKH-26, and then the cell survival rate of adipose-derived stem cells was determined by MTT colorimetry. Sprague-Dawley rats provided by Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd. were equally randomized into four groups. Animal models of acute pancreatitis were made in all rats through intestinal wall puncture for retrograde administration of 5％ sodium taurocholate to the pancreaticobiliary tube, and then the model rats were given tail vein injection of L-DMEM complete medium (0.5 mL) in the model group, intragastric administration of 200 mg/kg rhubarb-free anthraquinone in the rhubarb-free anthraquinone group, tail vein injection of adipose-derived stem cells (1×107 cells/L, 0.5 mL) in the cell transplantation group, and intragastric administration of 200 mg/kg rhubarb-free anthraquinone plus tail vein injection of 1×107 adipose-derived stem cells (0.5 mL) in the combined treatment group. All interventions in each group were performed once a day, for 3 continuous days. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The levels of serum amylase and interleukin-6 were significantly reduced in the rhubarb-free anthraquinone group and cell transplantation group compared with the model group (P < 0.05), while the level of trypsinogen activation peptide significantly increased (P < 0.05). In the combined treatment group, the levels of three indicators mentioned above were significantly decreased compared with the rhubarb-free anthraquinone group and cell transplantation group (P < 0.05). (2) The results of hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that the pathological changes in the pancreatic tissue of rats were significantly reduced in the rhubarb-free anthraquinone group and cell transplantation group, such as fatty degeneration, hemorrhage, cell necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration. The remission of pathological changes was more obvious in the combined treatment group. (3) The number of positive cells labeled by PKH-26 was the highest in the combined treatment group, followed by the cell transplantation group, while there were no PKH-26-positive cells in the rhubarb-free anthraquinone group and model group (P < 0.05). (4) Compared with the model group, the number of apoptotic cells in the pancreatic tissue was significantly reduced in the rhubarb-free anthraquinone group and cell transplantation group, and lowest in the combined treatment group (P < 0.01). (5) The expression of transforming growth factor-β1 and Smad2/3 at gene and protein levels was highest in the model group, followed by the rhubarb-free anthraquinone group and cell transplantation group (P < 0.05), and lowest in the combined treatment group (P < 0.01). To conclude, the combined intervention of rhubarb-free anthraquinone and adipose-derived stem cell transplantation could effectively improve the blood biochemical index level in the rats with acute pancreatitis, significantly relieve the degree of inflammatory response, pancreatic tissue morphology, and apoptosis of pancreatic cells, which may be related to the reduction of the transforming growth factor-β/Smad signal pathway.

Participation of central GABAA receptors in the trigeminal processing of mechanical allodynia in rats

Here we investigated the central processing mechanisms of mechanical allodynia and found a direct excitatory link with low-threshold input to nociceptive neurons. Experiments were performed on male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 230-280 g. Subcutaneous injection of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) (1 ng/10 µL) was used to produce mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Intracisternal administration of bicuculline, a gamma aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor antagonist, produced mechanical allodynia in the orofacial area under normal conditions. However, intracisternal administration of bicuculline (50 ng) produced a paradoxical anti-allodynic effect under inflammatory pain conditions. Pretreatment with resiniferatoxin (RTX), which depletes capsaicin receptor protein in primary afferent fibers, did not alter the paradoxical anti-allodynic effects produced by the intracisternal injection of bicuculline. Intracisternal injection of bumetanide, an Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC 1) inhibitor, reversed the IL-1β-induced mechanical allodynia. In the control group, application of GABA (100 µM) or muscimol (3 µM) led to membrane hyperpolarization in gramicidin perforated current clamp mode. However, in some neurons, application of GABA or muscimol led to membrane depolarization in the IL-1β-treated rats. These results suggest that some large myelinated Aβ fibers gain access to the nociceptive system and elicit pain sensation via GABA(A) receptors under inflammatory pain conditions.

Peripheral Cellular Mechanisms of Artemin-induced Thermal Hyperalgesia in Rats

In the present study, we investigated the role of peripheral ionotropic receptors in artemin-induced thermal hyperalgesia in the orofacial area. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighting 230 to 280 g were used in the study. Under anesthesia, a polyethylene tube was implanted in the subcutaneous area of the vibrissa pad, which enabled drug-injection. After subcutaneous injection of artemin, changes in air-puff thresholds and head withdrawal latency time were evaluated. Subcutaneous injection of artemin (0.5 or 1 µg) produced significant thermal hyperalgesia in a dose-dependent manner. However, subcutaneous injection of artemin showed no effect on air-puff thresholds. IRTX (4 µg), a TRPV1 receptor antagonist, D-AP5 (40 or 80 µg), an NMDA receptor antagonist, or NBQX (20 or 40 µg), an AMPA receptor antagonist, was injected subcutaneously 10 min prior to the artemin injection. Pretreatment with IRTX and D-AP5 significantly inhibited the artemin-induced thermal hyperalgesia. In contrast, pretreatment with both doses of NBQX showed no effect on artemin-induced thermal hyperalgesia. Moreover, pretreatment with H-89, a PKA inhibitor, and chelerythrine, a PKC inhibitor, decreased the artemin-induced thermal hyperalgesia. These results suggested that artemin-induced thermal hyperalgesia is mediated by the sensitized peripheral TRPV1 and NMDA receptor via activation of protein kinases.

Blockade of Trigeminal Glutamate Recycling Produces Anti-allodynic Effects in Rats with Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain

The present study investigated the role of spinal glutamate recycling in the development of orofacial inflammatory pain or trigeminal neuropathic pain. Experiments were carried out on male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 230 and 280 g. Under anesthesia, a polyethylene tube was implanted in the atlanto-occipital membrane for intracisternal administration. IL-1β-induced inflammation was employed as an orofacial acute inflammatory pain model. IL-1β (10 ng) was injected subcutaneously into one vibrissal pad. We used the trigeminal neuropathic pain animal model produced by chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve. DL-threo-β -benzyloxyaspartate (TBOA) or methionine sulfoximine (MSO) was administered intracisternally to block the spinal glutamate transporter and the glutamine synthetase activity in astroglia. Intracisternal administration of TBOA produced mechanical allodynia in naïve rats, but it significantly attenuated mechanical allodynia in rats with interleukin (IL)-1 β-induced inflammatory pain or trigeminal neuropathic pain. In contrast, intracisternal injection of MSO produced anti-allodynic effects in rats treated with IL-1β or with infraorbital nerve injury. Intracisternal administration of MSO did not produce mechanical allodynia in naive rats. These results suggest that blockade of glutamate recycling induced pro-nociception in naïve rats, but it paradoxically resulted in anti-nociception in rats experiencing inflammatory or neuropathic pain. Moreover, blockade of glutamate reuptake could represent a new therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic pain conditions.

Effect of Oral Health-Related Quality of Life on School Life Satisfaction in High School Students / 치위생과학회지

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between oral health-related quality of life and school life satisfaction in high school students. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted on high school students in Daegu, South Korea from November to December, 2015, and final data from 432 students was analyzed. Analysis of oral health-related quality of life in terms of general characteristics showed that both academic achievement and stress were significant factors (p<0.05). With respect to school life satisfaction, academic achievement was found to be a highly significant influencing factor (p<0.01). Correlation analyses of oral health-related quality of life with various factors of school life satisfaction showed positive correlations with personal relationships, educational learning environment, social support. Regression analysis of school life satisfaction showed that academic achievement and oral health-related quality of life were influencing factors. These results indicate that oral health-related quality of life may play a significant role in school life satisfaction.

Effects of ketamine, imipramine, and their combination on depression-like behaviors in Wistar Kyoto rats / 生理学报

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of ketamine, imipramine, and ketamine plus imipramine on chronic depression-like behaviors of Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats and underlying mechanism. Six-week-old Wistar rats were used as normal control. WKY rats, depression model animal, were injected intraperitoneally with ketamine (1 week, replaced with saline in 2(nd) week), imipramine (2 weeks), or ketamine in combination with imipramine. The depression-like behaviors were assessed by sucrose preference and forced swimming tests. Protein expressions of β form of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II (βCaMKII) and membrane fraction of glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1) were measured in corresponding brain tissue with Western blot. The results showed that, compared with Wistar rats, WKY rats exhibited decreased sucrose preference and extended immobility time. Ketamine alone did not affect depression-like behaviors of WKY, whereas imipramine or its combination with ketamine could significantly decrease the immobility time. Compared with Wistar rats, WKY rats showed up-regulated levels of βCaMKII and membrane GluR1 protein expressions in habenula, and down-regulated level of membrane GluR1 protein expressions in the prefrontal cortex. Imipramine or its combination with ketamine could reverse these changes of protein expressions in WKY rats. There was no difference in reversing effect between imipramine and its combination with ketamine. Ketamine alone did not affect the βCaMKII and membrane GluR1 protein expressions in the habenula, but increased membrane GluR1 protein expression in the prefrontal cortex of WKY rats. These results suggest 2-week imipramine treatment significantly improves depressive behavior in WKY rats; however, the addition of ketamine in the first week fails to enhance the effect of imipramine. The underlying mechanisms of imipramine's anti-depressive effect may be associated with the down-regulation of βCaMKII and membrane GluR1 in the habenula, as well as the up-regulation of membrane GluR1 in the prefrontal cortex.

Botulinum Toxin Type A Attenuates Activation of Glial Cells in Rat Medullary Dorsal Horn with CFA-induced Inflammatory Pain

The activation of glial cells in the spinal cord has been contribute to the initiation and maintenance of pain facilitation induced by peripheral inflammation and nerve injury. The present study investigated effects of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A), injected subcutaneously or intracisternally, on the expression of microglia and astrocytes in rats. Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammation was employed as an orofacial chronic inflammatory pain model. A subcutaneous injection of 40 microL CFA into the vibrissa pad was performed under 3% isoflurane anesthesia in SD rats. Immunohistochemical analysis for changes in Iba1 (a microglia marker) and GFAP (an astrocyte marker), were performed 5 days after CFA injection. Subcutaneous injection of CFA produced increases in Iba1 and GFAP expression, in the ipsilateral superficial lamia I and II in the medullary dorsal horn of rats. Subcutaneous treatment with BoNT-A attenuated the up-regulation of Iba1 and GFAP expressions induced by CFA injection. Moreover intracisternal injection of BoNT-A also attenuated the up-regulated Iba1 and GFAP expressions. These results suggest that the anti-nociceptive action of BoNT-A is mediated by modulation activation of glial cells, including microglia and astrocyte.

Antinociceptive Effects of Transcytosed Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A on Trigeminal Nociception in Rats

We examined the effects of peripherally or centrally administered botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A) on orofacial inflammatory pain to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of BoNT-A and its underlying mechanisms. The experiments were carried out on male Sprague-Dawley rats. Subcutaneous (3 U/kg) or intracisternal (0.3 or 1 U/kg) administration of BoNT-A significantly inhibited the formalin-induced nociceptive response in the second phase. Both subcutaneous (1 or 3 U/kg) and intracisternal (0.3 or 1 U/kg) injection of BoNT-A increased the latency of head withdrawal response in the complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-treated rats. Intracisternal administration of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) evoked nociceptive behavior via the activation of trigeminal neurons, which was attenuated by the subcutaneous or intracisternal injection of BoNT-A. Intracisternal injection of NMDA up-regulated c-Fos expression in the trigeminal neurons of the medullary dorsal horn. Subcutaneous (3 U/kg) or intracisternal (1 U/kg) administration of BoNT-A significantly reduced the number of c-Fos immunoreactive neurons in the NMDA-treated rats. These results suggest that the central antinociceptive effects the peripherally or centrally administered BoNT-A are mediated by transcytosed BoNT-A or direct inhibition of trigeminal neurons. Our data suggest that central targets of BoNT-A might provide a new therapeutic tool for the treatment of orofacial chronic pain conditions.

Differential Role of Central GABA Receptors in Nociception of Orofacial Area in Rats

The present study investigated the role of central GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors in orofacial pain in rats. Experiments were conducted on Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 230 and 280 g. Intracisternal catheterization was performed for intracisternal injection, under ketamine anesthesia. Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced thermal hyperalgesia and inferior alveolar nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia were employed as orofacial pain models. Intracisternal administration of bicuculline, a GABA(A) receptor antagonist, produced mechanical allodynia in naive rats, but not thermal hyperalgesia. However, CGP35348, a GABA(B) receptor antagonist, did not show any pain behavior in naive rats. Intracisternal administration of muscimol, a GABA(A) receptor agonist, attenuated the thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in rats with CFA treatment and inferior alveolar nerve injury, respectively. On the contrary, intracisternal administration of bicuculline also attenuated the mechanical allodynia in rats with inferior alveolar nerve injury. Intracisternal administration of baclofen, a GABA(B) receptor agonist, attenuated the thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in rats with CFA treatment and inferior alveolar nerve injury, respectively. In contrast to GABA(A) receptor antagonist, intracisternal administration of CGP35348 did not affect either the thermal hyperalgesia or mechanical allodynia. Our current findings suggest that the GABA(A) receptor, but not the GABA(B) receptor, participates in pain processing under normal conditions. Intracisternal administration of GABA(A) receptor antagonist, but not GABA(B) receptor antagonist, produces paradoxical antinociception under pain conditions. These results suggest that central GABA has differential roles in the processing of orofacial pain, and the blockade of GABA(A) receptor provides new therapeutic targets for the treatment of chronic pain.

Weight Gain in Pregnancy, Maternal Age and Gestational Age in Relation to Fetal Macrosomia

To investigate the possible risk factors related to macrosomia. Pregnant women and their newborns (n = 1041) were recruited from a cohort study in Maternal and Child Care Center of Hefei from January 2011 to July 2012. Questionnaires were applied to collect the demographic data besides the medical records. Detailed health records of the entire pregnancy were obtained using retrospective study. Meanwhile the data of neonatal outcomes was prospectively tracked. Associations between exposure risk factors and macrosomia were analyzed using Pearson's chi squared test. Logistic regression models were used to assess the independent association between these potential predictors and macrosomia. The incidence of macrosomia of this cohort was 11.24% of which male: female = 2.55:1. Male incidence (8.07%)of macrosomia was higher than female (3.17%), p < 0.001. Body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy (pre-BMI), maternal height, parity were not independently associated with macrosomia; Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that macrosomia was mainly independently associated with weight gain in pregnancy (OR=1.14, 95% CI [1.10-1.19]), maternal age (OR = 1.09, 95% CI [1.03-1.15]) and gestational age (OR = 1.62, 95% CI [1.31-1.99]), respectively. Our findings indicate that weight gain in pregnancy, maternal age and gestational age should be considered as independent risk factors for macrosomia.

Participation of Central P2X7 Receptors in CFA-induced Inflammatory Pain in the Orofacial Area of Rats

We investigated the role of central P2X receptors in inflammatory pain transmission in the orofacial area in rats. Experiments were carried out using male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 230-280g. Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA, 40 microL) was applied subcutaneously to the vibrissa pad to produce inflammatory pain. The intracisternal administration of iso-PPADS tetrasodium salt, a non-selective P2X receptor antagonist, A317491 sodium salt hydrate, a P2X2/3 receptor antagonist, 5-BDBD, a P2X4 receptor antagonist, or A438079 hydrochloride, a P2X7 receptor antagonist, was performed 5 days after CFA injection. Subcutaneous injections of CFA produced increases in thermal hypersensitivity. Intracisternal injections of iso-PPADS (25 microg) or A438079 (25 or 50 microg) produced significant anti-hyperalgesic effects against thermal stimuli compared to the vehicle group. A317491 or 5-BDBD did not affect the head withdrawal latency times in rats showing an inflammatory response. Subcutaneous injections of CFA resulted in the up-regulation of OX-42, a microglia marker, and GFAP, an astrocyte marker, in the medullary dorsal horn. The intracisternal administration of A438079 reduced the numbers of activated microglia and astrocytes in the medullary dorsal horn. These results suggest that a blockade of the central P2X7 receptor produces antinociceptive effects, mediated by inhibition of glial cell function in the medullary dorsal horn. These data also indicate that central P2X7 receptors are potential targets for future therapeutic approaches to inflammatory pain in the orofacial area.

Association between early life exposure to famine and damaging the liver and kidney function / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To examine how early life exposure to famine would impact on liver and kidney functions and related chronic metabolic diseases during adulthood.Methods A random cluster sampling method was adopted in Anhui province,2011 from a physical examination center,in a first-class hospital.4 252 study subjects were born between 1957 and 1963.According to the time of birth:the study subjects were divided into three groups,respectively:1957-1958 (983 persons as pre-famine),1959-1961 (1 247 persons as exposed to famine) or 1962-1963 (2 022 persons as controls,also the post-famine).Variances between groups AST,ALT,r-GGT,differences in the levels of SCr,UA,UREA and the change trend were compared.Results ALT,IBIL,TBIL,SCr,UREA were statistically different (P＜0.05) among subjects born in the different years.r-GGT,ALT,AST,ALB,SCr were statistically different (P＜0.05) among males bornin different years so as the r-GGT,AST,ALB,GLB,TP,SCr,UA,UREA in females (P＜0.05).r-GGT,ALT,ALB,SCr differences statistically significant (P＜0.05) and r-GGT,AST,ALB,GLB,TP,SCr,UA,UREA in females were statistically significantly different (P＜0.05).Conclusion Early life poor nutrition could lead to developmental disorders,organ function damage in liver and kidney function during adulthood.Women appeared to have balanced diet nutrition during pregnancy which was far important in the prevention on adulthood chronic metabolic diseases.

High dose of QX-314 produces anti-nociceptive effect without capsaicin in rats with inflammatory TMJ pain

The present study investigated the effects of QX-314 on inflammatory pain of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Experiments were carried out on male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 220-280 g. Under anesthesia, the TMJ of each animal was injected with 50 microL of formalin (5%). The number of noxious behavioral responses, including rubbing or scratching of the facial region including the TMJ area, was recorded over 9 sequential 5 min intervals for each animal. Although 2.5% QX-314 did not affect formalin-induced nociceptive behavior, administration of 5% QX-314 with formalin significantly decreased the number of scratches produced by the formalin injection. Co-administration of capsaicin, a TRPV1 agonist, with 2.5% QX-314 produced significant anti-nociceptive effects whereas 2.5% QX-314 alone did not. However, the co-administration of capsaicin did not enhance the anti-nociceptive effects in the 5% QX-314-treated rats. Moreover, the co-administration of capsazepine, a TRPV1 antagonist, did not attenuate anti-nociceptive effects in the 5% QX-314-treated rats. These findings suggest that TRPV1 is effective in the transport of low but not high doses of QX-314. Moreover, a high dose of QX-314, which is not mediated by peripheral TRPV1 activity, may be viable therapeutic strategy for inflammatory pain in the TMJ.

Participation of Peripheral P2X Receptors in Orofacial Inflammatory Nociception in Rats

The present study investigated the role of peripheral P2X receptors in inflammatory pain transmission in the orofacial area in rats. Experiments were carried out on male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 220 to 280 g. Formalin (5%, 50 microL) and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA, 25 microL) was applied subcutaneously to the vibrissa pad to produce inflammatory pain. TNP-ATP, a P2X(2,2/3,4) receptor antagonist, or OX-ATP, a P2X(7) receptor antagonist, was then injected subcutaneously at 20 minutes prior to formalin injection. One of the antagonists was administered subcutaneously at three days after CFA injection. The subcutaneous injection of formalin produced a biphasic nociceptive behavioral response. Subcutaneous pretreatment with TNP-ATP (80, 160 or 240 microg) significantly suppressed the number of scratches in the second phase produced by formalin injection. The subcutaneous injection of 50 microg of OX-ATP also produced significant antinociceptive effects in the second phase. Subcutaneous injections of CFA produced increases in mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. Both TNP-ATP (480 microg) and OX-ATP (100 microg) produced an attenuation of mechanical hypersensitivity. However, no change was observed in thermal hypersensitivity after the injection of either chemical. These results suggest that the blockade of peripheral P2X receptors is a potential therapeutic approach to the onset of inflammatory pain in the orofacial area.